【www.justzx.com--理学类】
篇一：致歉用语
致歉用语
1、对
2、是的
3、马上办
4、非常理解
5、实在很抱歉
6、我会努力改正
电话沟通用语
1、您好，常衡德曼公司！
2、非常抱歉，让您久等了！
3、请稍等，我帮您转接！
4、您好，他（她）现在不在位置上，需要帮您留话吗？
5、好的，如果他（她)回来后我第一时间帮您转达他（她）！
6、好的，如果您有非常紧急重要的事情，我争取帮您联系上他（她）！
7、他（她）现在没在公司，如果您有很重要的事情请留下您的联系方式，我会转达他（她）并让他（她）给您及时回电话的！
8、您能亲自前来常衡德曼公司，我们将感到非常高兴！
9、常衡德曼公司真诚邀请您（或您一行）前来考察交流，如果您能亲自莅临本公司，我们将深感荣幸！
10、非常高兴与您的此次交流，真诚期待与您的再次联系！
11、您好，请问您需要了解哪方面情况？
12、对不起，能否可以请您大声些！
致谢用语
1、谢谢
2、对不起
3、不客气
4、太麻烦您了
5、请教一下
6、十分感谢
篇二：道歉用语
道歉用语
Sorry, I'm (really/so/terribly) sorry.
对不起。我感到（实在∕很∕非常）抱歉。
Apologize./Please accept my apology. 我道歉。∕请接受我的道歉。
I feel really bad about...
我对（某件事）感到非常抱歉。
间奏曲：争取同情说抱歉
I didn't mean it.
.我不是故意的。
It's all my fault.
全是我的错。
How could I be so thoughtless? 我怎么会那么粗心大意呢？
How can I make it up to you?
我要怎样才能补偿你？
终曲：请求原谅说抱歉
I'll never forgive myself.
我永远不能原谅自己。
Will you ever forgive me?
你会原谅我吗
篇三：中英道歉语异同分析
中英道歉语的使用差异及原因探析
On the Differences of Apology Speech Act in Chinese and English
摘要:道歉语是指能够为被冒犯的人挽回面子的一类语言。在全球化日益增强的
现代社会,中美合作与接触不断增多，但由于社会背景,文化及价值观念的不同,
在跨文化交际中经常会出现一些误解甚至是冲突。由于任何一种言语行为都反映
了一定的社会准则和价值,并服务和维护那些价值观，因此,道歉言语行为能够像
镜子一样折射出中美文化价值的差异。所以，为了在跨文化交际中获得更好的交
际目的,就有必要对中美道歉语进行跨文化研究。本文首先介绍了道歉语研究的
国内外现状，接着阐述了道歉语的种类、策略及制约因素，后对中英道歉策略的
选择进行比较；最后从文化价值方面分析汉语和英语道歉语的差异。通过研究表
明, 由于英汉文化不同、交际方式和价值取向的不同, 道歉策略的选择上也相应
的有所不同。
关键词：道歉语，文化差异，道歉策略
Abstract: The language of apology is a special kind of speech which could provide
support for the hearer who is offended. In the increasing global world, cooperation
and contacts between Chinese and Americans are rapidly rising. However, along with
this are the constant misunderstandings or even conflicts in cross-cultural
communications due to different cultures and values. Because any speech act reflects
a variety of culture norms and values and serves, the speech of apology can act as a
mirror of certain cultural values in Chinese and English cultures. Therefore, in order
to help people cultivate intercultural communicative competence and achieve better
communicative purposes, it is necessary to study the language of apology between
Chinese and Americans. This paper firstly introduces the study of research to the
speech of apology both at home and abroad. Then the second part analyzes the
different categories, strategies and restraining factors of the apologized speech.Finally, differences in the speech of language between English and Chinese language
are probed from the aspects of different cultural values. Through the study, the
following conclusion is arrived: The cultural differences between English and Chinese, the different communication ways and value orientation directly lead to the different choices of apology strategies。
Key Words: the speech of apology; cultural differences; apology strategies
一．Introduction
In our daily life, people often offend others without any intention. Then the speech act of apology would be employed to get forgiveness and maintain the harmonious interpersonal relationship. But usually people just think the apology speech act as a simple thing, and they never imagine it’s a very complicated language phenomenon. Actually, the apology speech act is an important content of cross-cultural communication for the reason that people from different backgrounds may have different understandings on the same speech act. This kind of cultural-based understanding, which seriously affects the normal cross-cultural communication, is like a gap existing between people in different cultures. So, it is necessary for us to study the widely used apology speech in different languages so that we can better exchange ideas and understand each other in cross-cultural communication.
二．The present research and classification of apology speech act
1. The present research of apology speech
The British philosopher J.L.Austin firstly put forward the Theory of Speech Acts. He defined 'apologize' as a “implementation speech”. Based on the classification of the Austin, Searle treated “apologize” as an “expression speech". Brown & Levinson, however, regarded apology speech from the perspective of “politeness”. They thought that good manners are reasonable behaviors taken to meet the demand of “face-preservation”. Here "face" means the positive public image of one person. It could be divided into the positive face (hoping to gain approval from others) and negative face (not wanting personal behaviors to be hampered by others). In all kinds of communication, enough attention to other's positive and negative face could ensure us smooth interactions. But Brown & Levinson thought that some speech acts carry
the inherent nature of threatening the face. In this case, we need to choose proper strategies to avoid or remedy. So people deploy apology speech to remedy and maintain each other's face when they realized that the hearer's negative face is threatened. So the apology speech act is used to restore the relationship between people when we offend others intentionally or unintentionally. Brown & Levinson thought the following factors were involved as to the threatening of face: (1) the social distance between speakers and hearers; (2) the relevant power of speakers and hearers; (3) speech act inherent in the imposition of the absolute sense. These are called the "Brown and Levinson's Face Theory (The Face going)". But Olshtain and Cohen firstly made a detailed study to apology speech. And they defined apology language as a culture - sensitive researched - act set of semantic formulae or strategies. They also proposed the original mode of apology speech act. Later, scholars represented by Blum Kalka and Olshtain improved the early model and incorporated the improved one into “Cross-Cultural Study of Speech Act Realization Mode Project" (CCSARP).
2. The classification of apology speech act
Among these researchers, Cohen and Olshtain should be mentioned in detail. They roughly divided apology strategy into five different kinds according to their observations and experiments: 1.the direct expression of apology; 2. the expression of responsibility to offend others; 3.the explanation to offensive behavior; 4.the Provision of compensation; 5.the promise to discipline oneself. Actually, two strategies are clearer in the sense of apology and more common in daily life. The latter three may appear or not because they are related to different situations. In addition to the above-mentioned five kinds of apology strategies, the speaker can also strengthen or weaken their degree of apology by using adverbs of degree such as "true" and "very” or conjunctions such as “however” or “but” etc. For example, during the sentence "I'm sorry, but you should also be careful”, the conjunction “but” is used to ease the speaker’s responsibility.
According to inner meanings and application of apology speech in real life, we put it into the following three types: "from the channels of communication, it is divided
into verbal and nonverbal forms; from the perspective of stylistics, it could be divided into formal and informal." The following would show these specifically:
(1) The verbal and nonverbal forms
Verbal apology, which is the most widely used, is conducted through verbal behavior. Verbal apology could be conducted by different parties: the offender’s direct behavior on the other party offended or a third party’s delivering the behavior. Nonverbal apology could be all kinds of forms except verbal expression. For example, in China, if a student can't answer the teacher's questions, his face may blush with embarrassment or he may scratch his head with the hand and wears the silent even apologetic smile. Here silence and scratching his head implies the apology speech "sorry, I'm sorry." In addition, Chinese also use hands to express the meaning of apology. The idiom "offer a humble apology" originated from China’s Spring and Autumn warring states is also a kind of non-verbal behavior to apologize. These are not seen in English speaking countries. It should be pointed out that nonverbal and verbal apology is not completely separate. People combine verbal with nonverbal behaviors to strengthen their degree of apology. In real life, people also can write to apologize. Showing apology by written also belongs to nonverbal forms. But because of its deficiency in time and space, the written form may create new misunderstanding. And with the use of modern ways of communication, people are provided with more ways to communicate. For example, people can express apology through broadcasting, television, newspaper etc. These methods are more formal.
(2) The formal and informal ones
Apology is divided into formal and informal according to the different relationship of the involved two parties. Informal apology is mainly used for showing apology to acquaintance, friend, lover, colleagues for the purpose of clarifying the misunderstanding and eliminating barriers. And formal apology is mainly used between the media and the public or between two countries. For example: The former US President Eisenhower apologized to the Soviet Union for U - 2 planes flying over Sue. So a formal apology could help clarify the misunderstanding and make the whole in public.
三．The apology strategies and its cultural-based elements
1. The apology strategies
Apology speech is commonly used in daily life when we interrupt or offend others. We offend others because we violate the social norms or haven’t met each other's expectations. The following behaviors are all offense to others: we were late for the meeting, played wrong phone, forgot to bring book in class or walked past acquaintances without saying "hello". "Many scholars conducted profound study about apology strategies. This paper quoted Professor Jia Yuxin’s (a professor in Harbin Institute of Technology) apology strategies. He divided apology strategies into seven forms:
Strategy: 0 offender refused to apologize (the strategy of rejecting);
Strategy 1: light own degree of offense (the strategy of minimizing);
Strategy 2: admit liability (the strategy of acknowledging);
Strategy 3: explain the reasons (the strategy of explaining);
Strategy 4: apologize directly (the strategy of apologizing);
Strategy 5: try other means to remedy (the strategy of offering repair);
Strategy 6: guarantee (the strategy of promising forbearance);
Strategy 7: show concern to the person being offended (the strategy of showing
concern).
So we have many apology strategies. But how we make choices in real life? So we need to discuss major characters that affect our choice. Many linguistic-factors determine the choice of apology strategies. The forms of apology strategies also change along with the change of contextual factors. According to the investigation and study, many social linguists believe that the choice of apology strategies is mainly restricted by social factors. The following are the most decisive ones:
(1) The social distance between the offender and the one being offended called “social distance”;
(2) The relative power between the offender and the one being offended called” relative power”;
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